Time Dilated Spacetime Energy Release

TDSER is a radical new theory of space and time, which answers this question. Starting with a simple proof of a missed step on gravity it explains what creates the passage of time. Excellent candidates for dark energy and dark matter follow.  No complex maths, just  simple logic explained for the layperson.

In a hurry, already know the basics - scroll to the Proof, then TDSER - 5 minutes will change your understanding of our reality.

A Question of Time

What is time? It's such a fundamental part of our reality, yet we don't actually have an accepted answer. Common explanations include: that time is a dimension, a vector, a property of spacetime or that the universe is pre-programmed to move towards a state of increasing disorder called entropy.  Einstein modelled gravity, using time as a 4th dimension of the fabric of space, commonly referred to as spacetime, but time doesn’t behave like the other spatial dimensions. Time is irreversible and dynamic, allowing cause in one moment, to move to effect in the next, everywhere. It is fleeting, arriving in an instant, then after that moment we call ‘now,’ mysteriously disappears. Einstein showed that time can be warped by extreme speed (special relativity) and gravity (general relativity). Yet away from these extreme conditions, it has a constant predictable beat.

Consider the moment you started reading this article. Whatever it was, it happened. It was real; it gave rise to cause-and-effect, evidenced by the memories now stored in the neurons of your brain. It wasn’t just a vector or a coordinate along a temporal dimension nor simply a universal property of spacetime. These are mathematical concepts, they do not result in cause-and-effect. Universal properties apply everywhere and are repeatable. That moment was something real and unique, it had specific consequences that will never be repeated. But everything real, whether transient like energy or solid like matter, originated in the big bang. So if it's real, then where has that moment been for the last 13.8 billion years? If the big bang happened everywhere, it didn’t have ‘far’ to travel either. It's an uncomfortable question!

A new theory, Time Dilated Spacetime Energy Release or TSDER  proposes an essentially simple answer, starting with a simple proof of where we have gone wrong with gravity. Universal gravity and a modified big bang follow. One that offers a perfect cause-and-effect fit with how we experience time which  is consistent with both special and general relativity (which I will explain  in simple terms if you are unfamiliar). TDSER provides a cause and effect theory of time, gravity, dark matter and dark energy, where conventional theories describe these only as effects.

The Big Bang - Current Model

Let’s start with the first moments of time. In the conventional big bang theory, a tiny infinitely dense point of spacetime spontaneously comes into existence (an unexplained effect). The spatial dimensions are already created (again unexplained) and are then ‘inflated’ instantaneously to infinity in a fraction of a second, to create our universe, everywhere. Expansion occurs at infinite speed, then suddenly slows rapidly (again neither is explained). The energy released, in what is known as the ‘hot big bang,’ coalesces to form all the matter and radiation in our universe. A universe that goes on expanding, now doing so at an accelerating rate, driven by  completely unexplained dark energy. Matter coalesces into stars and galaxies, under the influence of gravity, but there’s not nearly enough. Unobserved dark matter is required. Together unexplained dark matter and unobserved dark energy account for 95% of everything in our universe. Unsurprisingly many scientists are starting to question if we might have got something fundamentally wrong.

Proof of a Miss-Step on Gravity

Newton’s second law, says that where there is a change in momentum or acceleration a, of an object with mass m, a proportional force F, is created:

                                    F=ma                                                                 (1)

Einstein demonstrated that mass is a concentrated form of energy, using equation (2), where energy e, equals mass times the speed of light c squared:

                                         e=mc2                                                               (2)

Equation 2 says that mass and energy are interchangeable, so mathematically, equation 1 then tells us that whenever there is a change in the momentum of energy, a force is created. Indeed, if we push an object (energy) through any spatial dimension, a reciprocal force we call inertia, pushes back. Note that the equivalence of mass and energy would also then be applicable to all Newton’s laws, on this basis.                          

However, conventional physics ignores this mathematical equivalence and says that the force of gravity exists without energy movement, that mass bends spacetime (still unexplained) and objects move in straight lines through the resultant curved space. Yes, the results of this approach describe our universe elegantly, well apart from universal gravity, but how can we justify this exception? Laws of physics always apply, as do mathematical equivalences. We cannot simply ignore them to fit our theories, especially theories like gravity, which are still incomplete. Surely a force of some type is actually required by Einstein’s model, for mass to bend spacetime? There is in fact no basis upon which this exception can be justified given our current understanding of the universe.

Firstly, apparently empty space has energy, zero-point energy in field theory. Photons also make ripples in a background electromagnetic field  and another field, the Higgs field is believed to impart the properties of mass to particles with spatial dimensions. According to the big bang theory, spacetime was created from primordial energy, so there is literally nothing else it could be made from. Spacetime also behaves as energy does; carrying waves and storing energy – the gravitational potential energy in Newton’s apple, which is readily converted to kinetic energy, whenever it falls. Something must create the dimensions of space we travel through. So, some of that, albeit highly dispersed energy, must therefore also be aligned along spatial dimensions and electromagnetic planes. So spacetime is composed of energy.

Secondly, our universe is expanding everywhere and has always done so; unexplained dark energy is reputedly creating new spacetime, and therefore must deliver a change of momentum of spatial energy, everywhere. So, if we follow these celebrated equations rigorously, as the universe expands everywhere, reciprocal spatial forces must be created. Forces which act reciprocally, in all spatial planes, drawing all spatial energy, including that which composes all matter back together. A universal force of gravity is therefore created, on a cause-and-effect basis.   

According to Newton’s third law (again treating mass and energy interchangeably), if a force acts on a mass, an equal and opposite force must also act on background spatial energy. So proximate spacetime energy must be pulled towards and therefore be deflected and bent in the presence of mass, a concentrated form of spatial energy. A Newtonian force creates Einstein’s bending of spacetime, potentially providing a cause-and-effect basis to reconcile these disparate theories of gravity. Add a further force to any concentrated spatial energy or mass and an additional inertial force pushes back on the same basis. This, however, is far from the whole story on mass, and gravity, both of which we will return to later.                    

Universal gravity and the bending of spacetime by mass, are in fact verifiable observations. Evidence that the earlier modification to Newton’s second law, using the mathematical equivalence of mass and energy, is valid. The analogous behaviour of the force of inertia and the fact that a photon has inertia, but no mass, only energy, add further weight. There is also no longer any basis to claim that gravity exists without energy movement, as we now know there is energy movement everywhere. So, it is concluded therefore, that whenever there is a change in the momentum of energy in our universe, a force is created.

The proposition is that this is the misplaced piece in a cosmic jigsaw. A small modification on the face of it, however the implications are profound. Fit this piece correctly and one-by-one, numerous other misaligned pieces fall neatly into position. Such a paradigm shift cannot be fully justified on simple mathematics alone, without also examining its fit with observation and our reality more widely. Hence, the rest of this article sets out to do just that. To describe this new big picture, as interpreted by "Everything" McCoard M 2024".

It is necessarily highly summarized. There is no new mathematical framework for much of what follows, other than the above proof and sound logic. There are no new equations, nothing that follows modifies the behaviour of spacetime, rather it explains why spacetime behaves as it does. Developing a mathematical framework, given the scope of what is described, is more than a life’s work. So, the author accepts that many of the elements that follow may, for now, be regarded as speculative or opinion. However, the overall fit with our reality is consistent and utterly compelling at all scales and it is hoped that its potential will demand the requisite level of research, challenge, and debate.

 The Nature of Time

 Whatever time is, it enables cause in one moment, to result in an effect in the next. If we understood time, might we also glimpse the true nature of our universe in terms of cause-and-effect?

Einstein visualised spacetime as a 4-dimensional ‘fabric’, compressed and distorted by the presence of matter; itself a highly concentrated form of energy.  The greater the energy density or mass, the greater the distortion of spacetime. With gravitational compression of spacetime, comes a slowing of time, from an observer’s perspective, outside that compression. Within a black hole, the effect is so severe, that time approaches zero when viewed from outside. This is time dilation, predicted by general relativity (Einstein. A, 1916). Matter which fell into a black hole billions of years ago, to us as remote observers, still travels to its core today. Its gravity still affecting the stars around it.

General relativity therefore suggests time might be a function of the compression of spatial dimensions. If we could reasonably apply severe time dilation to the extreme energy conditions of the big bang, this could certainly account for where our moment has been since the big bang. In fact, I see no alternative!

TDSER

 The basic principles of TDSER can be summarised as follows:

This misplaced piece in the cosmic jigsaw provides the basis for a new spacetime theory, Time Dilated Spacetime Energy Release  or TDSER ["Everything" McCoard M 2024].

The key points are summarized rather brutally below:

        i.          Infinite expansion, during big bang inflation, equates to an infinite change in spatial energy momentum. This must therefore create an exponential growth of reciprocal dimensional forces. This provides, for the first time, a cause-and-effect answer to what brings an end to inflation and instigates the hot big bang.

      ii.          It also follows that during inflation an infinite universe is created, but crucially, now under conditions of massive, synchronized, and uniform compression. Massive gravitational compression slows time, this is time dilation, according to Einstein’s general relativity. Time within a black hole essentially stops, to us, as external observers.                                                                                                  

     iii.          The result: an infinite supply of compressed time dilated spacetime energy layers or what I will now refer to as ‘spacetime moments,’, were created, then released continuously over billions of years, to observers like us, in previously released spacetime. General relativity also says that these moments would be compressed along the temporal axis.

     iv.          Dynamic time dilated release and decompression of these spacetime moments, creates continuous movement in the temporal plane, which TDSER proposes, is what we experience as time. Expansion transitions into all spatial dimensions (the reverse of gravitational compression), enabling cause in one moment and set of spacetime coordinates, to move to effect in the next, everywhere. A beat synchronized by the uniform conditions of compression of this modified big bang.

      v.          You could come to the same conclusion simply from the expansion of the universe, with no dilution of its properties. Additional spacetime is therefore being created, currently attributed to dark energy. There are however 4 dimensions to spacetime, if space is expanding everywhere, time is also being released everywhere. We cannot simply ignore time as a dimension of spacetime – if we ignore depth, there is no universe. So universal time and universal expansion are inseparable. Universal expansion creates time and vice versa.

     vi.          Decompression from this compressed state, which I will refer to as subspace, creates the acceleration of energy and with it the reciprocal forces required for universal gravity described earlier. Firstly, along the temporal axis, effectively bending spacetime everywhere, then into spatial dimensions, creating reciprocal forces, both effects pulling all spatial energy together against the trajectory of expansion.

   vii.          Expansion occurs in the moment, we call now. Once expanded that moment has passed and spacetime has expanded everywhere, conserving its energy into the moving fabric of space. Time is dynamic, it passes. Anything with movement has energy and according to the first law of thermodynamics, energy must be conserved.

  viii.          Time dilation explains where each unique moment has been since the big bang. Time is irreversible, decompression occurs in one direction only. Once released that moment has passed. The arrow of time points along the temporal plane, at the moment of release.

     ix.          Reciprocal dimensional forces must logically halt inflation (again currently unexplained) and are excellent candidates to initiate the hot big bang – sudden deceleration both compressing and fragmenting spacetime energy into the building blocks of matter and radiation, to the same dimensional blueprint.

       x.          Time dilated spatial energy decompression is also therefore the basis of dark energy; ongoing release of spacetime and the potential energy stored from the extreme compression at the end of inflation, explains continuous universal expansion. The conditions present during the big bang are the only ones, which we currently know of, capable of creating spacetime. Where are the extreme conditions needed for spacetime generation in the voids of space, which conventional theory says are expanding due to dark energy?

     xi.          The extent of this decompression must be proportional to the local energy density present; being set by the concentration of spatial reciprocal force at that locations. Any decompression of TDSER therefore matches the localized compression of spatial dimensions by massive objects. As the rate of this decompression sets how we experience time. Time must run slower in regions of higher gravitational compression (explaining gravitational time dilation).

   xii.          TDSER into an expanded and therefore less energy dense universe, explains the accelerated expansion currently observed.

  xiii.          Energy movement within an existing universe is regulated by reciprocal forces which increase with momentum change. Applying Newtons first law and again equating mass with energy, dictates that TDSER and any other energy released will accelerate to a constant terminal velocity. Note, this sets a universal speed limit for TDSER and indeed all forms of energy; the speed of light.

  xiv.          An object moving in any direction will be caught by fewer moments of TDSER, so time slows relative to that experienced by a stationary observer, the effect only being noticeable when we approach the speed of TDSER. Thus, providing a cause-and-effect basis for special relativity.

    xv.          Any particle with mass and therefore composed of energy in spatial dimensions cannot achieve light-speed (the relativistic behaviour of matter), having combined reciprocal forces from any force applied and the ever-present energy momentum change due to TDSER and the reciprocal forces that expansion creates. The later, on its own, is sufficient to limit such spatial energy to the speed of light, so no particle with spatial energy (mass) can ever attain light speed.

  xvi.          Applying this modification to Newton’s second law, means that universal expansion or TDSER must create reciprocal forces in all spatial dimensions and additional forces around any particle with spatial energy, therefore potentially imparting it with properties we associate with mass. TDSER essentially creates a mass bearing or Higgs field, but there is more to mass than a simple reciprocal force. Bizarrely, the mass of a proton or neutron is many times higher than the sum of its component particles. However, applying the same missing piece, means that any spatial energy deflections (a change in energy momentum), create reciprocal forces and bend spacetime. So, particles with spatial energy or interaction between energy rich particles, for example, extremely tightly bound quarks within a proton, must create spatial energy deflections and create reciprocal spatial energy forces, magnifying the properties we associate with matter. Break such a particle apart and these mass bearing deflections simply dissipate, whenever the interaction stops. A clue, perhaps to the true nature of force carrying particles, which we will also discuss later.

 xvii.          As objects with spatial energy (mass) accelerates towards the speed of light, this speed limit on the energy that forms them, dictates that they must also reduce in length, in the direction of motion, as required by special relativity.

xviii.          TDSER proposes a one-off hot big bang; expansion from this post inflation compression, likely driven by radiation pressure and the breakdown of gravity (aligned reciprocal dimensional forces); due to the dimensional chaos caused by breaking apart the energy which creates such dimensions, during the hot big bang. TDSER proposes that this creates an ‘advent horizon,’ like ‘popping a cork’ on spacetime compression, thus also ending spacetime decomposition. A one-way barrier is created, over which a one-off hot big bang followed by ongoing time dilated decompression of ‘cold’ spacetime moments continues, to this day.

  xix.          The gravitational pull from the energy of unreleased TDSER moments, compressed invisibly along a temporal axis, is then an excellent candidate for dark matter. Spacetime moments released over the advent horizon have no associated dark matter component, explaining the voids between gravitationally bound strands of dark matter. These increasingly isolated stands of dark matter create the macro structure of our universe, where a localized increase in gravity permits stars and galaxies to form. The uniform conditions of compression and release synchronizing the rate of TDSER, a beat you could set your watch by!

There is a lot there, but there is much more to come.

However, the current starting point only raises further questions. This big bang still starts with an infinite unexplained energy source, ready-made dimensions and reciprocal forces, simply to fit with observation and my theory. If you get the start wrong, everything that follows will be flawed. So, the modified TDSER big bang starts somewhere else. At the very beginning... with absolutely nothing. Creation itself!

 It starts with another question:

 “If we understood what happened in the first moment of creation, would that provide a blueprint, cosmic DNA, to understand everything which followed?

The answer, I believe I can now justify is a resounding yes. I cannot believe where this journey has taken me... but be warned, you will never think of our universe in the same way. A candidate for that first moment is presented. One that not only delivers a modified big bang consistent with TDSER.

It also suggests the nature of a single unifying force in our universe, how dimensions are formed, the basic structure of spacetime, matter and radiation. Everything from the true nature of force carrying particles to quantum gravity and inertia, charge and anti-matter asymmetry, even quantum entanglement are explained on a cause-and-effect basis using this single force. Hopefully, having explained (albeit in a highly summarised format) the true nature of time, I've earned some credibility for such extraordinary claims.

Interested? Go to the link to "Everything" at the top of the page.

Copyright 

 Time  dilated spacetime energy release

Copyright: "Everything" by Malcolm McCoard on KDP amazon  2024 ASIN ‏ : ‎ B0CVW2C6F2

This license allows users to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for non-commercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. If you remix, adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modified material under identical terms.